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Tsuga canadensis

Tsuga canadensis

Eastern hemlock, Canadian Hemlock, Eastern hemlock-spruce

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Description

Tsuga canadensis (Canada hemlock, Eastern hemlock) comes from the cool and damp forests in the north-east of the United States and south-east Canada. Here, the tree grows with, amongst others, Acer pensylvanicum, Acer saccharum and Fagus grandiflora. In cultivation, this elegant evergreen conifer grows to between fifteen and twenty metres tall and has a width of six to eight metres; in nature, there are specimens as tall as fifty metres and fifteen metres across. The graceful, densely branched pyramidal form of the crown is enhanced by the low branching, the upward curving branches and the fine texture of the needles.

The needles of the Canada hemlock are soft and small and arranged in pairs around the twigs. Even in the winter the tree retains its dark green colour with two white stripes on the underside of the needles. Juvenile needles are bright green in late spring and contrast nicely with the older, dark green needles. The unremarkable male and female flowers of Tsuga canadensis appear in the spring. Lovely little cones, which are not especially showy, are produced in the autumn. Tsuga canadensis has a red-brown peeling bark on young trees, the bark of older trees is stunningly deeply grooved with wide, flat furrows. 

The Canada hemlock is a true climax species which occurs mainly in shady forests on acidic, damp but well-drained soils. Consequently, the tree is primarily suitable for planting in groups or individually in park-like surroundings where it can grow to monumental proportions. Very open and exposed sites must be avoided because it does not cope well in the wind. Tsuga canadensis does not tolerate high temperatures, drought, salt and compaction of the earth. Conversely, cold climates to winter hardiness zone four are no problem.    

Types of planting

Tree types

standard trees feathered trees characteristic trees conifers woodland planting stock

Topiary on stem

fval multi-stem umbrella

Use

Location

park large garden cemetery

Pavement

none none

Planting concepts

shade-tolerant

Characteristics

Crown shape

wide pyramidal wide pyramidal

Crown structure

semi-open semi-open

Height

15 - 20 m

Width

6 - 8 m

Winter hardiness zone

4A - 7B

Aspects

Wind

intolerant to wind

Soil

loess sabulous clay light clay sand loamy soil

Nutrient level

low in nutrients moderately rich in nutrients rich in nutrients

Soil moisture level

moist

Light requirements

partial shade shade

pH range

acidic

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Order this plant? Or would you like further information about Tsuga canadensis? Make an appointment for a detailed planting recommendation.
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Photos

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high-stem standard tree
Tsuga canadensis standard tree
high-stem standard tree
Tsuga canadensis standard tree
high-stem standard tree
Tsuga canadensis standard tree
feathered feathered
Tsuga canadensis feathered
feathered feathered
Tsuga canadensis feathered
feathered feathered
Tsuga canadensis feathered
feathered feathered
Tsuga canadensis feathered
feathered feathered
Tsuga canadensis feathered
feathered feathered
Tsuga canadensis feathered
feathered feathered
Tsuga canadensis feathered
feathered feathered
Tsuga canadensis feathered
feathered feathered
Tsuga canadensis feathered
multi-stem multi-stem
Tsuga canadensis multi-stem
multi-stem multi-stem
Tsuga canadensis multi-stem
multi-stem multi-stem
Tsuga canadensis multi-stem
multi-stem multi-stem
Tsuga canadensis multi-stem
leaves leaves
Tsuga canadensis leaves
leaves leaves
Tsuga canadensis leaves
leaves leaves
Tsuga canadensis leaves
leaves leaves
Tsuga canadensis leaves
leaves leaves
Tsuga canadensis leaves
fruits fruits
Tsuga canadensis fruits
leaves leaves
Tsuga canadensis leaves
fruits fruits
Tsuga canadensis fruits
fruits fruits
Tsuga canadensis fruits
fruits fruits
Tsuga canadensis fruits
bark bark
Tsuga canadensis bark
bark bark
Tsuga canadensis bark
bark bark
Tsuga canadensis bark
twigs twigs
Tsuga canadensis twigs

Seasonal colours

Tsuga canadensis seizoenskleur
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Flowers

Flowers

discrete

Flower colour

yellow-green

Flowering period

May

Leaves

Leaf colour

dark green buds pale green underside white-grey

Leaves

evergreen needles or scales short needles

Fruits

Fruit colour

pale brown grey-brown

Fruits

discrete cones

Bark

Bark colour

grey-brown red-brown

Bark

peeling deeply furrowed furrowed

Twigs

Twig colour

yellow

Twigs

hairy horizontal branches pendulous

Root system

Root system

shallow extensive central root

For and by green professionals

The TreeEbb is a platform for and by green professionals, in which we collect knowledge and experience from the sector and make this available for users. All the details and photos are free to use for non-commercial purposes. Want to share your tree knowledge? Send photographs and additional information to treeebb@ebben.nl

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Soil
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Extreme environments
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Plant characteristics
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Winter hardiness

A plant's winter hardiness is the coldest area in which it is frost-resistant. This is based on the average annual minimum temperature. Winter hardiness zones are thirteen different frost zones in steps of 5.5 degrees Celsius. This format is an international standard for the hardiness of plants. The zones in which the plant is frost-resistant are always included in the description of trees and other vegetation.

Winter hardiness is a genetic characteristic and is not influenced by the location in which the plant is cultivated. This means that a plant that has been cultivated for many years in winter-hardiness zone 6 but has a winter hardiness of 3 is perfectly suited for replanting in a colder zone. It will thrive there thanks to its genetic characteristics.

When choosing planting for a project, the winter hardiness of the plants is extremely important. By choosing species that match the zone in which the project is being created, it is possible to ensure that plants can withstand the minimum temperature in that area.

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